Flat parasitic worms are represented in the fauna of our planet mainly by digenetic saucers (cat and liver bicarry) and tape worms (bull and pork tapeworm, wide tape, echinococcus).
Diseases caused by them are called helminthias.The nutrients of the worms are absorbed by a rotary hole or surface of their body with an osmosis.
List of diseases
Helminthoses caused by flat helminths are classified according to various signs - the method of infection, the number of owners, forms of life, etc.
Depending on the presence or absence of an intermediate host, 3 diseases are distinguished:
- Geogelmintosis,in which worms do not need a temporary owner.Worms for geo -gogelminthiasis are localized in the human body, which is the final master for them.
- Biogelmintosis,characterized by the fact that parasites, in addition to the main (final) host, also need an intermediate.
- HimenolepidosisOr otherwise contagious (contact) helminthias, in which parasites are transmitted from person to person.From the human body, parasites are distinguished by mature, ready for further invasion.
Depending on the features of development, pathogens are classified:
- by the method of invasion;
- by the nature of life in the external environment;
- By value occupied in human pathology.
Invasia with cestodes can occur in different ways-penetration through the skin, when swallowing worm eggs, with bite of insect-carriers.Migration of parasites is often accompanied by a violation of the integrity of tissues and organs.
Important!Most often, cestodes are localized in the gastrointestinal tract.But some types of helminths settled in other organs and systems - liver, lungs, bile ducts.
Helminthosis is a common name for diseases caused by the presence of worms.Invasions of specific types of helminths often wear specific names.Here are some of the diseases caused by certain types of flat parasites.
Teniarism is a disease that occurs during infection with a bull chain.Invasia is characterized by pronounced toxic-allergic manifestations and dyspeptic disorders.
The tusiarinchosis belongs to biogelmintosis.That is, the bull tapeworm has the final (person) and intermediate hosts (cattle).Infection occurs by getting into the human body of worms when eating incorrectly cooked meat of an infected animal.The parasite is localized in the intestines, fastening to its walls with suction cups, which at the same time damage the integrity of the intestinal tissue.
The tusiarinchosis often proceeds without symptoms.But in the case of severe lesion, the following manifestations of the disease take place:
- dyspepsia;
- nausea;
- bad appetite;
- abundant salivation;
- Sensation of severity in the epigastria;
- heartburn;
- vomit.
Teniosis is helminthiasis caused by infection with pork chain.It is characterized by damage to both individual organs (brain, eyes), and systemic disorders (dyspepsia, violation of the functions of the central nervous system).
Pork tapeworm is a strip worm that parasitizes in the small intestines of a person.Parts of his body, along with eggs, secreted during bowel movements, are eaten by pigs, which become an intermediate host for the tapeworm.In addition to pigs, the role of the latter can play hares, dogs, rabbits, camels.A person is the only final master for Helmint.
For information!They are infected with a chain when using an insufficiently welded or fried pork, invasion through water and dirty hands is possible.
The clinical picture of tusias is similar to the manifestations of teniarinchosis, only more pronounced.People infected with chain can fall into short -term fainting.In the complicated form of tissue tissue and human organs are affected by tapeworm eggs with the formation of incapaculated larvae - cystics.Depending on the localization of the latter, severe violations of heart and brain activity, vision of vision (including complete blindness) are possible.
Echinococcosis
Echinococcosis are caused by tape worms with alveococcus and echinococcus.
Invasies are developing with the participation of two owners:
- intermediate (omnivorous and herbivorous ungulates, person), in which the larval form of helminth parasitizes;
- final (PS - jackals, wolves, foxes), in which adults of worms are located.
Echinococcosis is transmitted to a person from animals, that is, they are in their type of zoone invasions.Infection occurs by means of eggs in hand, vegetables, fruits.
The disease manifests itself in 2 forms:
- single -chamber (hydrate, cysticized);
- and multi -chamber echinococcosis (alveococcosis).
For humans, echinococcosis is the process of the formation of cysts (Finn) that arise in various organs - the heart, liver, lungs, bones, brain.Perhaps the formation of metastases resembling cancer.
Note!The clinic and the severity of the disease are determined by the size and number of cysts, their localization.The affected organs are subjected to dystrophic changes (parenchyma atrophy, stroma sclerosis).Parasite metabolism products cause toxic-allergic reactions.With a rupture of a festering cyst, anaphylactic shock is not excluded.
Himenolepidosis
The disease is caused by a dwarf tapeworm - a relatively small helminth, if we compare it with other representatives of this class.
The tapeworm has a small head, neck and body divided into members.When its eggs get in the human body, they develop in a larva attached with villi to the intestinal walls.Larvae turn into young individuals (cystycecoids), which are an intermediate stage between the larva and adult helminth.
A cystiscoid is a dwarf tinge life very dangerous for the owner, since cysticemcoids are able to destroy intestinal walls with the formation of inflammation and erosion.The human body reacts to the defeat of anemia and signs of poisoning.
Eggs are laid over adults of the tapeworm.When the helminth reaches a certain length, part of his body members with the eggs breaks off and goes out with feces.The other part remains in the intestines and continues its life cycle.
Invasia by dwarf chain occurs when drinking dirty water, consuming unwashed, gelminth of vegetables and fruits, when tangled with the hands on which there are eggs, faces and lips.
Hymenolepidosis is manifested by the following main symptoms:
- quick weight loss;
- pain in the stomach;
- strong weakness.
The disease is diagnosed based on the results of the fecal analysis.Treatment is carried out by synthetic drugs, the doctor prescribes the dose and intake of the intake after examining the patient and studying the analysis data.
The main way to prevent infection is to comply with cleanliness: frequent hand washing and taking a shower, changing clothes, maintaining a bathroom with the help of effective disinfectants.
Danger to humans
Invasias by cestodes (hymenolepidosis, diphyllobotriosis, tusiasis, cystycchosis, shadowirinchosis) are very dangerous diseases, fraught with threatening life complications.
It is worth knowing!The manifestation of helminthiasis can be different depending on the systems and organs affected by worms and the degree of infection.With damage to the central nervous system, inadequacy of behavior, paralysis, epileptic seizures, hyperactivity can take place.The patient may experience headaches and dizziness, weakness, insomnia.
Allergic reactions in the form of Quincke's edema, urticaria or food allergies often occur as an answer to infection.
Significant digestive disorders can be observed, manifested in the form of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramped stupid or sharp pain in the abdomen.In some cases, pancreatitis and cholecystitis may develop.The consequence of a violation of the functionality of the gastrointestinal tract is, as a rule, a sharp weight loss.
Blood tests can detect hypochromic anemia and eosinophilia.
Prevention
Prevention is mainly reduced to compliance with personal hygiene rules.Without this, it is almost impossible to avoid infection, being in an environment where helminth eggs are common.No less important from the point of view of preventing invasion is the correct heat treatment of meat and other products.
The main recommendations for prevention:
- Be sure to wash your hands when returning from the street, before meals, after the reference of natural needs.
- Eat only clean, well -washed fruits and vegetables.
- Drink only boiled or bottled water.Even filtered water may contain parasite eggs, not to mention the one that is supplied from the water supply without filtering.
- Avoid too close contact with pets - not to let them into bed, not to kiss.Regularly check the “our smaller brothers” for helminths, if necessary, contact a veterinary clinic.
- Wash the bedding more often and stroke underwear, especially baby.
- Maintain your immunity at the proper level.This will allow the body to cope with helminthias on its own.
- In the presence of circumstances that create an increased risk of infection (business trip or tourist trip to exotic countries, stay in groups where the risk of invasion is high), use the preventive intake of antigelminths.But this must be done no more than 2 times a year with a mandatory consultation with a doctor.
If the infection has occurred, then drugs are prescribed by the doctor individually.These are usually tablet drugs.In more severe cases, injections, droppers, irradiation are used.
The means of traditional medicine, with their proper use, are also effective in the fight against helminthias.